经典算法实现之一：教你一步一步用c语言实现sift算法、下

教你一步一步用c语言实现sift算法、下

作者：July、二零一一年三月十二日
出处：http://blog.csdn.net/v_JULY_v。
参考：Rob Hess维护的sift 库
环境：windows xp+vc6.0
条件：c语言实现。
说明：本BLOG内会陆续一一实现所有经典算法。
------------------------

本文接上，教你一步一步用c语言实现sift算法、上，而来：
函数编写
ok，接上文，咱们一个一个的来编写main函数中所涉及到所有函数，这也是本文的关键部分：

//下采样原来的图像，返回缩小2倍尺寸的图像
CvMat * halfSizeImage(CvMat * im) 
{
 unsigned int i,j;
 int w = im->cols/2;
 int h = im->rows/2; 
 CvMat *imnew = cvCreateMat(h, w, CV_32FC1);
 
#define Im(ROW,COL) ((float *)(im->data.fl + im->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
#define Imnew(ROW,COL) ((float *)(imnew->data.fl + imnew->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 for ( j = 0; j < h; j++) 
  for ( i = 0; i < w; i++) 
   Imnew(j,i)=Im(j*2, i*2);
  return imnew;
}

//上采样原来的图像，返回放大2倍尺寸的图像
CvMat * doubleSizeImage(CvMat * im) 
{
 unsigned int i,j;
 int w = im->cols*2;
 int h = im->rows*2; 
 CvMat *imnew = cvCreateMat(h, w, CV_32FC1);
 
#define Im(ROW,COL) ((float *)(im->data.fl + im->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
#define Imnew(ROW,COL) ((float *)(imnew->data.fl + imnew->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 
 for ( j = 0; j < h; j++) 
  for ( i = 0; i < w; i++) 
   Imnew(j,i)=Im(j/2, i/2);
  
  return imnew;
}

//上采样原来的图像，返回放大2倍尺寸的线性插值图像
CvMat * doubleSizeImage2(CvMat * im) 
{
 unsigned int i,j;
 int w = im->cols*2;
 int h = im->rows*2; 
 CvMat *imnew = cvCreateMat(h, w, CV_32FC1);
 
#define Im(ROW,COL) ((float *)(im->data.fl + im->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
#define Imnew(ROW,COL) ((float *)(imnew->data.fl + imnew->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 
 // fill every pixel so we don't have to worry about skipping pixels later
 for ( j = 0; j < h; j++) 
 {
  for ( i = 0; i < w; i++) 
  {
   Imnew(j,i)=Im(j/2, i/2);
  }
 }
 /*
 A B C
 E F G
 H I J
 pixels A C H J are pixels from original image
 pixels B E G I F are interpolated pixels
 */
 // interpolate pixels B and I
 for ( j = 0; j < h; j += 2)
  for ( i = 1; i < w - 1; i += 2)
   Imnew(j,i)=0.5*(Im(j/2, i/2)+Im(j/2, i/2+1));
  // interpolate pixels E and G
  for ( j = 1; j < h - 1; j += 2)
   for ( i = 0; i < w; i += 2)
    Imnew(j,i)=0.5*(Im(j/2, i/2)+Im(j/2+1, i/2));
   // interpolate pixel F
   for ( j = 1; j < h - 1; j += 2)
    for ( i = 1; i < w - 1; i += 2)
     Imnew(j,i)=0.25*(Im(j/2, i/2)+Im(j/2+1, i/2)+Im(j/2, i/2+1)+Im(j/2+1, i/2+1));
    return imnew;
}

//双线性插值，返回像素间的灰度值
float getPixelBI(CvMat * im, float col, float row) 
{
 int irow, icol;
 float rfrac, cfrac;
 float row1 = 0, row2 = 0;
 int width=im->cols;
 int height=im->rows;
#define ImMat(ROW,COL) ((float *)(im->data.fl + im->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 
 irow = (int) row;
 icol = (int) col;
 
 if (irow < 0 || irow >= height
  || icol < 0 || icol >= width)
  return 0;
 if (row > height - 1)
  row = height - 1;
 if (col > width - 1)
  col = width - 1;
 rfrac = 1.0 - (row - (float) irow);
 cfrac = 1.0 - (col - (float) icol);
 if (cfrac < 1) 
 {
  row1 = cfrac * ImMat(irow,icol) + (1.0 - cfrac) * ImMat(irow,icol+1);
 } 
 else 
 {
  row1 = ImMat(irow,icol);
 }
 if (rfrac < 1) 
 {
  if (cfrac < 1) 
  {
   row2 = cfrac * ImMat(irow+1,icol) + (1.0 - cfrac) * ImMat(irow+1,icol+1);
  } else 
  {
   row2 = ImMat(irow+1,icol);
  }
 }
 return rfrac * row1 + (1.0 - rfrac) * row2;
}

//矩阵归一化
void normalizeMat(CvMat* mat) 
{
#define Mat(ROW,COL) ((float *)(mat->data.fl + mat->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 float sum = 0;
 
 for (unsigned int j = 0; j < mat->rows; j++) 
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mat->cols; i++) 
   sum += Mat(j,i);
  for ( j = 0; j < mat->rows; j++) 
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mat->rows; i++) 
    Mat(j,i) /= sum;
}

//向量归一化
void normalizeVec(float* vec, int dim) 
{
    unsigned int i;
 float sum = 0;
 for ( i = 0; i < dim; i++)
  sum += vec[i];
 for ( i = 0; i < dim; i++)
  vec[i] /= sum;
}

//得到向量的欧式长度，2-范数
float GetVecNorm( float* vec, int dim )
{
 float sum=0.0;
 for (unsigned int i=0;i<dim;i++)
  sum+=vec[i]*vec[i];
    return sqrt(sum);
}

//产生1D高斯核
float* GaussianKernel1D(float sigma, int dim) 
{
 
 unsigned int i;
 //printf("GaussianKernel1D(): Creating 1x%d vector for sigma=%.3f gaussian kernel\n", dim, sigma);
 
 float *kern=(float*)malloc( dim*sizeof(float) );
 float s2 = sigma * sigma;
 int c = dim / 2;
 float m= 1.0/(sqrt(2.0 * CV_PI) * sigma);
    double v; 
 for ( i = 0; i < (dim + 1) / 2; i++) 
 {
  v = m * exp(-(1.0*i*i)/(2.0 * s2)) ;
  kern[c+i] = v;
  kern[c-i] = v;
 }
 //   normalizeVec(kern, dim);
 // for ( i = 0; i < dim; i++)
 //  printf("%f  ", kern[i]);
 //  printf("\n");
 return kern;
}

//产生2D高斯核矩阵
CvMat* GaussianKernel2D(float sigma) 
{
 // int dim = (int) max(3.0f, GAUSSKERN * sigma);
    int dim = (int) max(3.0f, 2.0 * GAUSSKERN *sigma + 1.0f);
 // make dim odd
 if (dim % 2 == 0)
  dim++;
 //printf("GaussianKernel(): Creating %dx%d matrix for sigma=%.3f gaussian\n", dim, dim, sigma);
 CvMat* mat=cvCreateMat(dim, dim, CV_32FC1);
#define Mat(ROW,COL) ((float *)(mat->data.fl + mat->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 float s2 = sigma * sigma;
 int c = dim / 2;
 //printf("%d %d\n", mat.size(), mat[0].size());
    float m= 1.0/(sqrt(2.0 * CV_PI) * sigma);
 for (int i = 0; i < (dim + 1) / 2; i++) 
 {
  for (int j = 0; j < (dim + 1) / 2; j++) 
  {
   //printf("%d %d %d\n", c, i, j);
   float v = m * exp(-(1.0*i*i + 1.0*j*j) / (2.0 * s2));
   Mat(c+i,c+j) =v;
   Mat(c-i,c+j) =v;
   Mat(c+i,c-j) =v;
   Mat(c-i,c-j) =v;
  }
 }
 // normalizeMat(mat);
 return mat;
}

//x方向像素处作卷积
float ConvolveLocWidth(float* kernel, int dim, CvMat * src, int x, int y) 
{
#define Src(ROW,COL) ((float *)(src->data.fl + src->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
    unsigned int i;
 float pixel = 0;
    int col;
 int cen = dim / 2;
 //printf("ConvolveLoc(): Applying convoluation at location (%d, %d)\n", x, y);
 for ( i = 0; i < dim; i++) 
 {
  col = x + (i - cen);
  if (col < 0)
   col = 0;
  if (col >= src->cols)
   col = src->cols - 1;
  pixel += kernel[i] * Src(y,col);
 }
 if (pixel > 1)
  pixel = 1;
 return pixel;
}

//x方向作卷积
void Convolve1DWidth(float* kern, int dim, CvMat * src, CvMat * dst) 
{
#define DST(ROW,COL) ((float *)(dst->data.fl + dst->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 unsigned int i,j;
 
 for ( j = 0; j < src->rows; j++) 
 {
  for ( i = 0; i < src->cols; i++) 
  {
   //printf("%d, %d\n", i, j);
   DST(j,i) = ConvolveLocWidth(kern, dim, src, i, j);
  }
 }
}

//y方向像素处作卷积
float ConvolveLocHeight(float* kernel, int dim, CvMat * src, int x, int y) 
{
#define Src(ROW,COL) ((float *)(src->data.fl + src->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
    unsigned int j;
 float pixel = 0;
 int cen = dim / 2;
 //printf("ConvolveLoc(): Applying convoluation at location (%d, %d)\n", x, y);
 for ( j = 0; j < dim; j++) 
 {
  int row = y + (j - cen);
  if (row < 0)
   row = 0;
  if (row >= src->rows)
   row = src->rows - 1;
  pixel += kernel[j] * Src(row,x);
 }
 if (pixel > 1)
  pixel = 1;
 return pixel;
}

//y方向作卷积
void Convolve1DHeight(float* kern, int dim, CvMat * src, CvMat * dst) 
{
#define Dst(ROW,COL) ((float *)(dst->data.fl + dst->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
    unsigned int i,j;
 for ( j = 0; j < src->rows; j++) 
 {
  for ( i = 0; i < src->cols; i++) 
  {
   //printf("%d, %d\n", i, j);
   Dst(j,i) = ConvolveLocHeight(kern, dim, src, i, j);
  }
 }
}

//卷积模糊图像
int BlurImage(CvMat * src, CvMat * dst, float sigma) 
{
 float* convkernel;
 int dim = (int) max(3.0f, 2.0 * GAUSSKERN * sigma + 1.0f);
    CvMat *tempMat;
 // make dim odd
 if (dim % 2 == 0)
  dim++;
 tempMat = cvCreateMat(src->rows, src->cols, CV_32FC1);
 convkernel = GaussianKernel1D(sigma, dim);
 
 Convolve1DWidth(convkernel, dim, src, tempMat);
 Convolve1DHeight(convkernel, dim, tempMat, dst);
 cvReleaseMat(&tempMat);
 return dim;
}

五个步骤

ok，接下来，进入重点部分，咱们依据上文介绍的sift算法的几个步骤，来一一实现这些函数。
为了版述清晰，再贴一下，主函数，顺便再加强下对sift 算法的五个步骤的认识：

1、SIFT算法第一步：图像预处理
CvMat *ScaleInitImage(CvMat * im) ; //金字塔初始化
2、SIFT算法第二步：建立高斯金字塔函数
ImageOctaves* BuildGaussianOctaves(CvMat * image) ; //建立高斯金字塔
3、SIFT算法第三步：特征点位置检测，最后确定特征点的位置
int DetectKeypoint(int numoctaves, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr);
4、SIFT算法第四步：计算高斯图像的梯度方向和幅值，计算各个特征点的主方向
void ComputeGrad_DirecandMag(int numoctaves, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr);
5、SIFT算法第五步：抽取各个特征点处的特征描述字
void ExtractFeatureDescriptors(int numoctaves, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr);

ok，接下来一一具体实现这几个函数：
SIFT算法第一步
SIFT算法第一步：扩大图像，预滤波剔除噪声，得到金字塔的最底层-第一阶的第一层：

CvMat *ScaleInitImage(CvMat * im) 
{
    double sigma,preblur_sigma;
 CvMat *imMat;
 CvMat * dst;
 CvMat *tempMat;
 //首先对图像进行平滑滤波，抑制噪声
 imMat = cvCreateMat(im->rows, im->cols, CV_32FC1);
    BlurImage(im, imMat, INITSIGMA);
 //针对两种情况分别进行处理：初始化放大原始图像或者在原图像基础上进行后续操作
 //建立金字塔的最底层
 if (DOUBLE_BASE_IMAGE_SIZE) 
 {
  tempMat = doubleSizeImage2(imMat);//对扩大两倍的图像进行二次采样，采样率为0.5，采用线性插值
#define TEMPMAT(ROW,COL) ((float *)(tempMat->data.fl + tempMat->step/sizeof(float) * (ROW)))[(COL)]
  
  dst = cvCreateMat(tempMat->rows, tempMat->cols, CV_32FC1);
  preblur_sigma = 1.0;//sqrt(2 - 4*INITSIGMA*INITSIGMA);
        BlurImage(tempMat, dst, preblur_sigma); 
  
  // The initial blurring for the first image of the first octave of the pyramid.
        sigma = sqrt( (4*INITSIGMA*INITSIGMA) + preblur_sigma * preblur_sigma );
  //  sigma = sqrt(SIGMA * SIGMA - INITSIGMA * INITSIGMA * 4);
  //printf("Init Sigma: %f\n", sigma);
  BlurImage(dst, tempMat, sigma);       //得到金字塔的最底层-放大2倍的图像
  cvReleaseMat( &dst ); 
  return tempMat;
 } 
 else 
 {
  dst = cvCreateMat(im->rows, im->cols, CV_32FC1);
  //sigma = sqrt(SIGMA * SIGMA - INITSIGMA * INITSIGMA);
  preblur_sigma = 1.0;//sqrt(2 - 4*INITSIGMA*INITSIGMA);
  sigma = sqrt( (4*INITSIGMA*INITSIGMA) + preblur_sigma * preblur_sigma );
  //printf("Init Sigma: %f\n", sigma);
  BlurImage(imMat, dst, sigma);        //得到金字塔的最底层：原始图像大小
  return dst;
 } 
}

SIFT算法第二步
SIFT第二步，建立Gaussian金字塔，给定金字塔第一阶第一层图像后，计算高斯金字塔其他尺度图像，
每一阶的数目由变量SCALESPEROCTAVE决定，给定一个基本图像，计算它的高斯金字塔图像，返回外部向量是阶梯指针，内部向量是每一个阶梯内部的不同尺度图像。

//SIFT算法第二步
ImageOctaves* BuildGaussianOctaves(CvMat * image) 
{
    ImageOctaves *octaves;
 CvMat *tempMat;
    CvMat *dst;
 CvMat *temp;
 
 int i,j;
 double k = pow(2, 1.0/((float)SCALESPEROCTAVE));  //方差倍数
 float preblur_sigma, initial_sigma , sigma1,sigma2,sigma,absolute_sigma,sigma_f;
 //计算金字塔的阶梯数目
 int dim = min(image->rows, image->cols);
    int numoctaves = (int) (log((double) dim) / log(2.0)) - 2;    //金字塔阶数
 //限定金字塔的阶梯数
 numoctaves = min(numoctaves, MAXOCTAVES);
 //为高斯金塔和DOG金字塔分配内存
 octaves=(ImageOctaves*) malloc( numoctaves * sizeof(ImageOctaves) );
    DOGoctaves=(ImageOctaves*) malloc( numoctaves * sizeof(ImageOctaves) );
 
 printf("BuildGaussianOctaves(): Base image dimension is %dx%d\n", (int)(0.5*(image->cols)), (int)(0.5*(image->rows)) );
 printf("BuildGaussianOctaves(): Building %d octaves\n", numoctaves);
 
    // start with initial source image
 tempMat=cvCloneMat( image );
 // preblur_sigma = 1.0;//sqrt(2 - 4*INITSIGMA*INITSIGMA);
    initial_sigma = sqrt(2);//sqrt( (4*INITSIGMA*INITSIGMA) + preblur_sigma * preblur_sigma );
 //   initial_sigma = sqrt(SIGMA * SIGMA - INITSIGMA * INITSIGMA * 4);
    
 //在每一阶金字塔图像中建立不同的尺度图像
 for ( i = 0; i < numoctaves; i++) 
 {   
  //首先建立金字塔每一阶梯的最底层，其中0阶梯的最底层已经建立好
  printf("Building octave %d of dimesion (%d, %d)\n", i, tempMat->cols,tempMat->rows);
        //为各个阶梯分配内存
  octaves[i].Octave= (ImageLevels*) malloc( (SCALESPEROCTAVE + 3) * sizeof(ImageLevels) );
  DOGoctaves[i].Octave= (ImageLevels*) malloc( (SCALESPEROCTAVE + 2) * sizeof(ImageLevels) );
  //存储各个阶梯的最底层
  (octaves[i].Octave)[0].Level=tempMat;
  
  octaves[i].col=tempMat->cols;
  octaves[i].row=tempMat->rows;
  DOGoctaves[i].col=tempMat->cols;
  DOGoctaves[i].row=tempMat->rows;
  if (DOUBLE_BASE_IMAGE_SIZE)
            octaves[i].subsample=pow(2,i)*0.5;
  else
            octaves[i].subsample=pow(2,i);
  
  if(i==0)     
  {
   (octaves[0].Octave)[0].levelsigma = initial_sigma;
   (octaves[0].Octave)[0].absolute_sigma = initial_sigma;
   printf("0 scale and blur sigma : %f \n", (octaves[0].subsample) * ((octaves[0].Octave)[0].absolute_sigma));
  }
  else
  {
   (octaves[i].Octave)[0].levelsigma = (octaves[i-1].Octave)[SCALESPEROCTAVE].levelsigma;
            (octaves[i].Octave)[0].absolute_sigma = (octaves[i-1].Octave)[SCALESPEROCTAVE].absolute_sigma;
   printf( "0 scale and blur sigma : %f \n", ((octaves[i].Octave)[0].absolute_sigma) );
  }
  sigma = initial_sigma;
        //建立本阶梯其他层的图像
  for ( j =  1; j < SCALESPEROCTAVE + 3; j++) 
  {
   dst = cvCreateMat(tempMat->rows, tempMat->cols, CV_32FC1);//用于存储高斯层
   temp = cvCreateMat(tempMat->rows, tempMat->cols, CV_32FC1);//用于存储DOG层
   // 2 passes of 1D on original
   //   if(i!=0)
   //   {
   //       sigma1 = pow(k, j - 1) * ((octaves[i-1].Octave)[j-1].levelsigma);
   //          sigma2 = pow(k, j) * ((octaves[i].Octave)[j-1].levelsigma);
   //       sigma = sqrt(sigma2*sigma2 - sigma1*sigma1);
   sigma_f= sqrt(k*k-1)*sigma;
   //   }
   //   else
   //   {
   //       sigma = sqrt(SIGMA * SIGMA - INITSIGMA * INITSIGMA * 4)*pow(k,j);
   //   }  
            sigma = k*sigma;
   absolute_sigma = sigma * (octaves[i].subsample);
   printf("%d scale and Blur sigma: %f  \n", j, absolute_sigma);
   
   (octaves[i].Octave)[j].levelsigma = sigma;
            (octaves[i].Octave)[j].absolute_sigma = absolute_sigma;
            //产生高斯层
   int length=BlurImage((octaves[i].Octave)[j-1].Level, dst, sigma_f);//相应尺度
            (octaves[i].Octave)[j].levelsigmalength = length;
   (octaves[i].Octave)[j].Level=dst;
            //产生DOG层
            cvSub( ((octaves[i].Octave)[j]).Level, ((octaves[i].Octave)[j-1]).Level, temp, 0 );
   //         cvAbsDiff( ((octaves[i].Octave)[j]).Level, ((octaves[i].Octave)[j-1]).Level, temp );
            ((DOGoctaves[i].Octave)[j-1]).Level=temp;
  }
  // halve the image size for next iteration
  tempMat  = halfSizeImage( ( (octaves[i].Octave)[SCALESPEROCTAVE].Level ) );
 }
 return octaves;
}

SIFT算法第三步
SIFT算法第三步，特征点位置检测，最后确定特征点的位置检测DOG金字塔中的局部最大值，找到之后，还要经过两个检验才能确认为特征点：一是它必须有明显的差异，二是他不应该是边缘点，（也就是说，在极值点处的主曲率比应该小于某一个阈值）。

//SIFT算法第三步，特征点位置检测，
int DetectKeypoint(int numoctaves, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr)
{
    //计算用于DOG极值点检测的主曲率比的阈值
 double curvature_threshold;
 curvature_threshold= ((CURVATURE_THRESHOLD + 1)*(CURVATURE_THRESHOLD + 1))/CURVATURE_THRESHOLD;
#define ImLevels(OCTAVE,LEVEL,ROW,COL) ((float *)(DOGoctaves[(OCTAVE)].Octave[(LEVEL)].Level->data.fl + DOGoctaves[(OCTAVE)].Octave[(LEVEL)].Level->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 
 int   keypoint_count = 0;   
 for (int i=0; i<numoctaves; i++)  
 {        
  for(int j=1;j<SCALESPEROCTAVE+1;j++)//取中间的scaleperoctave个层
  {  
   //在图像的有效区域内寻找具有显著性特征的局部最大值
   //float sigma=(GaussianPyr[i].Octave)[j].levelsigma;
   //int dim = (int) (max(3.0f, 2.0*GAUSSKERN *sigma + 1.0f)*0.5);
   int dim = (int)(0.5*((GaussianPyr[i].Octave)[j].levelsigmalength)+0.5);
   for (int m=dim;m<((DOGoctaves[i].row)-dim);m++) 
    for(int n=dim;n<((DOGoctaves[i].col)-dim);n++)
    {     
     if ( fabs(ImLevels(i,j,m,n))>= CONTRAST_THRESHOLD )
     {
      
      if ( ImLevels(i,j,m,n)!=0.0 )  //1、首先是非零
      {
       float inf_val=ImLevels(i,j,m,n);
       if(( (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m-1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m  ,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m+1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m-1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m  ,n  ))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m+1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m-1,n+1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m  ,n+1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j-1,m+1,n+1))&&    //底层的小尺度9
        
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j,m  ,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n+1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j,m  ,n+1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n+1))&&     //当前层8
        
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m-1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m  ,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m+1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m-1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m  ,n  ))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m+1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m-1,n+1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m  ,n+1))&&
        (inf_val <= ImLevels(i,j+1,m+1,n+1))     //下一层大尺度9        
        ) || 
        ( (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m-1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m  ,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m+1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m-1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m  ,n  ))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m+1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m-1,n+1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m  ,n+1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j-1,m+1,n+1))&&
        
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j,m  ,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n+1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j,m  ,n+1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n+1))&& 
        
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m-1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m  ,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m+1,n-1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m-1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m  ,n  ))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m+1,n  ))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m-1,n+1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m  ,n+1))&&
        (inf_val >= ImLevels(i,j+1,m+1,n+1)) 
        ) )      //2、满足26个中极值点
       {   
        //此处可存储
        //然后必须具有明显的显著性，即必须大于CONTRAST_THRESHOLD=0.02
        if ( fabs(ImLevels(i,j,m,n))>= CONTRAST_THRESHOLD )
        {
         //最后显著处的特征点必须具有足够的曲率比，CURVATURE_THRESHOLD=10.0，首先计算Hessian矩阵
         // Compute the entries of the Hessian matrix at the extrema location.
         /*
         1   0   -1
         0   0   0
         -1   0   1         *0.25
         */
         // Compute the trace and the determinant of the Hessian.
         //Tr_H = Dxx + Dyy;
         //Det_H = Dxx*Dyy - Dxy^2;
         float Dxx,Dyy,Dxy,Tr_H,Det_H,curvature_ratio;
         Dxx = ImLevels(i,j,m,n-1) + ImLevels(i,j,m,n+1)-2.0*ImLevels(i,j,m,n);
         Dyy = ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n) + ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n)-2.0*ImLevels(i,j,m,n);
         Dxy = ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n-1) + ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n+1) - ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n-1) - ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n+1);
         Tr_H = Dxx + Dyy;
         Det_H = Dxx*Dyy - Dxy*Dxy;
         // Compute the ratio of the principal curvatures.
         curvature_ratio = (1.0*Tr_H*Tr_H)/Det_H;
         if ( (Det_H>=0.0) && (curvature_ratio <= curvature_threshold) )  //最后得到最具有显著性特征的特征点
         {
          //将其存储起来，以计算后面的特征描述字
          keypoint_count++;
          Keypoint k;
          /* Allocate memory for the keypoint. */
          k = (Keypoint) malloc(sizeof(struct KeypointSt));
          k->next = keypoints;
          keypoints = k;
          k->row = m*(GaussianPyr[i].subsample);
          k->col =n*(GaussianPyr[i].subsample);
          k->sy = m;    //行
          k->sx = n;    //列
          k->octave=i;
          k->level=j;
          k->scale = (GaussianPyr[i].Octave)[j].absolute_sigma;      
         }//if >curvature_thresh
        }//if >contrast
       }//if inf value
     }//if non zero
     }//if >contrast
    }  //for concrete image level col
  }//for levels
 }//for octaves
 return keypoint_count;
}

//在图像中，显示SIFT特征点的位置
void DisplayKeypointLocation(IplImage* image, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr)
{
 
    Keypoint p = keypoints; // p指向第一个结点
 while(p) // 没到表尾
 {   
  cvLine( image, cvPoint((int)((p->col)-3),(int)(p->row)), 
   cvPoint((int)((p->col)+3),(int)(p->row)), CV_RGB(255,255,0),
   1, 8, 0 );
        cvLine( image, cvPoint((int)(p->col),(int)((p->row)-3)), 
   cvPoint((int)(p->col),(int)((p->row)+3)), CV_RGB(255,255,0),
   1, 8, 0 );
  //  cvCircle(image,cvPoint((uchar)(p->col),(uchar)(p->row)),
  //   (int)((GaussianPyr[p->octave].Octave)[p->level].absolute_sigma),
  //   CV_RGB(255,0,0),1,8,0);
  p=p->next;
 } 
}

// Compute the gradient direction and magnitude of the gaussian pyramid images
void ComputeGrad_DirecandMag(int numoctaves, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr)
{
 // ImageOctaves *mag_thresh ;
    mag_pyr=(ImageOctaves*) malloc( numoctaves * sizeof(ImageOctaves) );
 grad_pyr=(ImageOctaves*) malloc( numoctaves * sizeof(ImageOctaves) );
 // float sigma=( (GaussianPyr[0].Octave)[SCALESPEROCTAVE+2].absolute_sigma ) / GaussianPyr[0].subsample;
 // int dim = (int) (max(3.0f, 2 * GAUSSKERN *sigma + 1.0f)*0.5+0.5);
#define ImLevels(OCTAVE,LEVEL,ROW,COL) ((float *)(GaussianPyr[(OCTAVE)].Octave[(LEVEL)].Level->data.fl + GaussianPyr[(OCTAVE)].Octave[(LEVEL)].Level->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 for (int i=0; i<numoctaves; i++)  
 {        
  mag_pyr[i].Octave= (ImageLevels*) malloc( (SCALESPEROCTAVE) * sizeof(ImageLevels) );
        grad_pyr[i].Octave= (ImageLevels*) malloc( (SCALESPEROCTAVE) * sizeof(ImageLevels) );
  for(int j=1;j<SCALESPEROCTAVE+1;j++)//取中间的scaleperoctave个层
  {  
            CvMat *Mag = cvCreateMat(GaussianPyr[i].row, GaussianPyr[i].col, CV_32FC1);
   CvMat *Ori = cvCreateMat(GaussianPyr[i].row, GaussianPyr[i].col, CV_32FC1);
   CvMat *tempMat1 = cvCreateMat(GaussianPyr[i].row, GaussianPyr[i].col, CV_32FC1);
   CvMat *tempMat2 = cvCreateMat(GaussianPyr[i].row, GaussianPyr[i].col, CV_32FC1);
   cvZero(Mag);
   cvZero(Ori);
   cvZero(tempMat1);
   cvZero(tempMat2); 
#define MAG(ROW,COL) ((float *)(Mag->data.fl + Mag->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]   
#define ORI(ROW,COL) ((float *)(Ori->data.fl + Ori->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]  
#define TEMPMAT1(ROW,COL) ((float *)(tempMat1->data.fl + tempMat1->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
#define TEMPMAT2(ROW,COL) ((float *)(tempMat2->data.fl + tempMat2->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
   for (int m=1;m<(GaussianPyr[i].row-1);m++) 
    for(int n=1;n<(GaussianPyr[i].col-1);n++)
    {
     //计算幅值
     TEMPMAT1(m,n) = 0.5*( ImLevels(i,j,m,n+1)-ImLevels(i,j,m,n-1) );  //dx
                    TEMPMAT2(m,n) = 0.5*( ImLevels(i,j,m+1,n)-ImLevels(i,j,m-1,n) );  //dy
                    MAG(m,n) = sqrt(TEMPMAT1(m,n)*TEMPMAT1(m,n)+TEMPMAT2(m,n)*TEMPMAT2(m,n));  //mag
     //计算方向
     ORI(m,n) =atan( TEMPMAT2(m,n)/TEMPMAT1(m,n) );
                    if (ORI(m,n)==CV_PI)
      ORI(m,n)=-CV_PI;
    }
    ((mag_pyr[i].Octave)[j-1]).Level=Mag;
    ((grad_pyr[i].Octave)[j-1]).Level=Ori;
    cvReleaseMat(&tempMat1);
    cvReleaseMat(&tempMat2);
  }//for levels
 }//for octaves
}

SIFT算法第四步

//SIFT算法第四步：计算各个特征点的主方向，确定主方向
void AssignTheMainOrientation(int numoctaves, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr,ImageOctaves *mag_pyr,ImageOctaves *grad_pyr)
{
    // Set up the histogram bin centers for a 36 bin histogram.
    int num_bins = 36;
    float hist_step = 2.0*PI/num_bins;
    float hist_orient[36];
    for (int i=0;i<36;i++)
  hist_orient[i]=-PI+i*hist_step;
    float sigma1=( ((GaussianPyr[0].Octave)[SCALESPEROCTAVE].absolute_sigma) ) / (GaussianPyr[0].subsample);//SCALESPEROCTAVE+2
 int zero_pad = (int) (max(3.0f, 2 * GAUSSKERN *sigma1 + 1.0f)*0.5+0.5);
    //Assign orientations to the keypoints.
#define ImLevels(OCTAVES,LEVELS,ROW,COL) ((float *)((GaussianPyr[(OCTAVES)].Octave[(LEVELS)].Level)->data.fl + (GaussianPyr[(OCTAVES)].Octave[(LEVELS)].Level)->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 
    int keypoint_count = 0;
 Keypoint p = keypoints; // p指向第一个结点
 
 while(p) // 没到表尾
 {
  int i=p->octave;
  int j=p->level;
  int m=p->sy;   //行
  int n=p->sx;   //列
  if ((m>=zero_pad)&&(m<GaussianPyr[i].row-zero_pad)&&
   (n>=zero_pad)&&(n<GaussianPyr[i].col-zero_pad) )
  {
   float sigma=( ((GaussianPyr[i].Octave)[j].absolute_sigma) ) / (GaussianPyr[i].subsample);
   //产生二维高斯模板
            CvMat* mat = GaussianKernel2D( sigma );         
   int dim=(int)(0.5 * (mat->rows));
   //分配用于存储Patch幅值和方向的空间
#define MAT(ROW,COL) ((float *)(mat->data.fl + mat->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
   
   //声明方向直方图变量
   double* orienthist = (double *) malloc(36 * sizeof(double));
   for ( int sw = 0 ; sw < 36 ; ++sw) 
   {
    orienthist[sw]=0.0;  
   }
   //在特征点的周围统计梯度方向
            for (int x=m-dim,mm=0;x<=(m+dim);x++,mm++) 
    for(int y=n-dim,nn=0;y<=(n+dim);y++,nn++)
    {     
     //计算特征点处的幅值
     double dx = 0.5*(ImLevels(i,j,x,y+1)-ImLevels(i,j,x,y-1));  //dx
     double dy = 0.5*(ImLevels(i,j,x+1,y)-ImLevels(i,j,x-1,y));  //dy
     double mag = sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy);  //mag
     //计算方向
     double Ori =atan( 1.0*dy/dx );
     int binIdx = FindClosestRotationBin(36, Ori);                   //得到离现有方向最近的直方块
     orienthist[binIdx] = orienthist[binIdx] + 1.0* mag * MAT(mm,nn);//利用高斯加权累加进直方图相应的块
    }
    // Find peaks in the orientation histogram using nonmax suppression.
    AverageWeakBins (orienthist, 36);
    // find the maximum peak in gradient orientation
    double maxGrad = 0.0;
    int maxBin = 0;
    for (int b = 0 ; b < 36 ; ++b) 
    {
     if (orienthist[b] > maxGrad) 
     {
      maxGrad = orienthist[b];
      maxBin = b;
     }
    }
    // First determine the real interpolated peak high at the maximum bin
    // position, which is guaranteed to be an absolute peak.
    double maxPeakValue=0.0;
    double maxDegreeCorrection=0.0;
    if ( (InterpolateOrientation ( orienthist[maxBin == 0 ? (36 - 1) : (maxBin - 1)],
                    orienthist[maxBin], orienthist[(maxBin + 1) % 36],
                    &maxDegreeCorrection, &maxPeakValue)) == false)
     printf("BUG: Parabola fitting broken");
    
    // Now that we know the maximum peak value, we can find other keypoint
    // orientations, which have to fulfill two criterias:
    //
    //  1. They must be a local peak themselves. Else we might add a very
    //     similar keypoint orientation twice (imagine for example the
    //     values: 0.4 1.0 0.8, if 1.0 is maximum peak, 0.8 is still added
    //     with the default threshhold, but the maximum peak orientation
    //     was already added).
    //  2. They must have at least peakRelThresh times the maximum peak
    //     value.
    bool binIsKeypoint[36];
    for ( b = 0 ; b < 36 ; ++b) 
    {
     binIsKeypoint[b] = false;
     // The maximum peak of course is
     if (b == maxBin) 
     {
      binIsKeypoint[b] = true;
      continue;
     }
     // Local peaks are, too, in case they fulfill the threshhold
     if (orienthist[b] < (peakRelThresh * maxPeakValue))
      continue;
     int leftI = (b == 0) ? (36 - 1) : (b - 1);
     int rightI = (b + 1) % 36;
     if (orienthist[b] <= orienthist[leftI] || orienthist[b] <= orienthist[rightI])
      continue; // no local peak
     binIsKeypoint[b] = true;
    }
    // find other possible locations
    double oneBinRad = (2.0 * PI) / 36;
    for ( b = 0 ; b < 36 ; ++b) 
    {
     if (binIsKeypoint[b] == false)
      continue;
     int bLeft = (b == 0) ? (36 - 1) : (b - 1);
     int bRight = (b + 1) % 36;
     // Get an interpolated peak direction and value guess.
     double peakValue;
     double degreeCorrection;
     
     double maxPeakValue, maxDegreeCorrection;              
     if (InterpolateOrientation ( orienthist[maxBin == 0 ? (36 - 1) : (maxBin - 1)],
      orienthist[maxBin], orienthist[(maxBin + 1) % 36],
      °reeCorrection, &peakValue) == false)
     {
      printf("BUG: Parabola fitting broken");
     }
     
     double degree = (b + degreeCorrection) * oneBinRad - PI;
     if (degree < -PI)
      degree += 2.0 * PI;
     else if (degree > PI)
      degree -= 2.0 * PI;
     //存储方向，可以直接利用检测到的链表进行该步主方向的指定;
     //分配内存重新存储特征点
     Keypoint k;
     /* Allocate memory for the keypoint Descriptor. */
     k = (Keypoint) malloc(sizeof(struct KeypointSt));
     k->next = keyDescriptors;
     keyDescriptors = k;
     k->descrip = (float*)malloc(LEN * sizeof(float));
     k->row = p->row;
     k->col = p->col;
     k->sy = p->sy;    //行
     k->sx = p->sx;    //列
     k->octave = p->octave;
     k->level = p->level;
     k->scale = p->scale;      
     k->ori = degree;
     k->mag = peakValue;  
    }//for
    free(orienthist);
  }
  p=p->next;
 } 
}

//寻找与方向直方图最近的柱，确定其index 
int FindClosestRotationBin (int binCount, float angle)
{
 angle += CV_PI;
 angle /= 2.0 * CV_PI;
 // calculate the aligned bin
 angle *= binCount;
 int idx = (int) angle;
 if (idx == binCount)
  idx = 0;
 return (idx);
}

// Average the content of the direction bins.
void AverageWeakBins (double* hist, int binCount)
{
 // TODO: make some tests what number of passes is the best. (its clear
 // one is not enough, as we may have something like
 // ( 0.4, 0.4, 0.3, 0.4, 0.4 ))
 for (int sn = 0 ; sn < 2 ; ++sn) 
 {
  double firstE = hist[0];
  double last = hist[binCount-1];
  for (int sw = 0 ; sw < binCount ; ++sw) 
  {
   double cur = hist[sw];
   double next = (sw == (binCount - 1)) ? firstE : hist[(sw + 1) % binCount];
   hist[sw] = (last + cur + next) / 3.0;
   last = cur;
  }
 }
}

// Fit a parabol to the three points (-1.0 ; left), (0.0 ; middle) and
// (1.0 ; right).
// Formulas:
// f(x) = a (x - c)^2 + b
// c is the peak offset (where f'(x) is zero), b is the peak value.
// In case there is an error false is returned, otherwise a correction
// value between [-1 ; 1] is returned in 'degreeCorrection', where -1
// means the peak is located completely at the left vector, and -0.5 just
// in the middle between left and middle and > 0 to the right side. In
// 'peakValue' the maximum estimated peak value is stored.
bool InterpolateOrientation (double left, double middle,double right, double *degreeCorrection, double *peakValue)
{
 double a = ((left + right) - 2.0 * middle) / 2.0;   //抛物线捏合系数a
 // degreeCorrection = peakValue = Double.NaN;
 
 // Not a parabol
 if (a == 0.0)
  return false;
 double c = (((left - middle) / a) - 1.0) / 2.0;
 double b = middle - c * c * a;
 if (c < -0.5 || c > 0.5)
  return false;
 *degreeCorrection = c;
 *peakValue = b;
 return true;
}

//显示特征点处的主方向
void DisplayOrientation (IplImage* image, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr)
{
 Keypoint p = keyDescriptors; // p指向第一个结点
 while(p) // 没到表尾
 {
  float scale=(GaussianPyr[p->octave].Octave)[p->level].absolute_sigma;
  float autoscale = 3.0; 
  float uu=autoscale*scale*cos(p->ori);
  float vv=autoscale*scale*sin(p->ori);
  float x=(p->col)+uu;
  float y=(p->row)+vv;
  cvLine( image, cvPoint((int)(p->col),(int)(p->row)), 
   cvPoint((int)x,(int)y), CV_RGB(255,255,0),
   1, 8, 0 );
  // Arrow head parameters
        float alpha = 0.33; // Size of arrow head relative to the length of the vector
        float beta = 0.33;  // Width of the base of the arrow head relative to the length
  
  float xx0= (p->col)+uu-alpha*(uu+beta*vv);
        float yy0= (p->row)+vv-alpha*(vv-beta*uu);
        float xx1= (p->col)+uu-alpha*(uu-beta*vv);
        float yy1= (p->row)+vv-alpha*(vv+beta*uu);
        cvLine( image, cvPoint((int)xx0,(int)yy0), 
   cvPoint((int)x,(int)y), CV_RGB(255,255,0),
   1, 8, 0 );
  cvLine( image, cvPoint((int)xx1,(int)yy1), 
   cvPoint((int)x,(int)y), CV_RGB(255,255,0),
   1, 8, 0 );
  p=p->next;
 } 
}

SIFT算法第五步
SIFT算法第五步：抽取各个特征点处的特征描述字，确定特征点的描述字。描述字是Patch网格内梯度方向的描述，旋转网格到主方向，插值得到网格处梯度值。
一个特征点可以用2*2*8=32维的向量，也可以用4*4*8=128维的向量更精确的进行描述。

void ExtractFeatureDescriptors(int numoctaves, ImageOctaves *GaussianPyr)
{
 // The orientation histograms have 8 bins
 float orient_bin_spacing = PI/4;
    float orient_angles[8]={-PI,-PI+orient_bin_spacing,-PI*0.5, -orient_bin_spacing,
  0.0, orient_bin_spacing, PI*0.5,  PI+orient_bin_spacing};
    //产生描述字中心各点坐标
    float *feat_grid=(float *) malloc( 2*16 * sizeof(float));
 for (int i=0;i<GridSpacing;i++)
 {
        for (int j=0;j<2*GridSpacing;++j,++j)
  {
   feat_grid[i*2*GridSpacing+j]=-6.0+i*GridSpacing;
   feat_grid[i*2*GridSpacing+j+1]=-6.0+0.5*j*GridSpacing;
  }
 }
    //产生网格
 float *feat_samples=(float *) malloc( 2*256 * sizeof(float));
    for ( i=0;i<4*GridSpacing;i++)
 {
        for (int j=0;j<8*GridSpacing;j+=2)
  {
   feat_samples[i*8*GridSpacing+j]=-(2*GridSpacing-0.5)+i;
   feat_samples[i*8*GridSpacing+j+1]=-(2*GridSpacing-0.5)+0.5*j;
  }
 }
 float feat_window = 2*GridSpacing;
 Keypoint p = keyDescriptors; // p指向第一个结点
 while(p) // 没到表尾
 {
  float scale=(GaussianPyr[p->octave].Octave)[p->level].absolute_sigma;
        
  float sine = sin(p->ori);
  float cosine = cos(p->ori);  
        //计算中心点坐标旋转之后的位置
  float *featcenter=(float *) malloc( 2*16 * sizeof(float));
  for (int i=0;i<GridSpacing;i++)
  {
            for (int j=0;j<2*GridSpacing;j+=2)
   {
    float x=feat_grid[i*2*GridSpacing+j];
    float y=feat_grid[i*2*GridSpacing+j+1];
    featcenter[i*2*GridSpacing+j]=((cosine * x + sine * y) + p->sx);
    featcenter[i*2*GridSpacing+j+1]=((-sine * x + cosine * y) + p->sy);
   }
  }
  // calculate sample window coordinates (rotated along keypoint)
  float *feat=(float *) malloc( 2*256 * sizeof(float));
  for ( i=0;i<64*GridSpacing;i++,i++)
  {
   float x=feat_samples[i];
   float y=feat_samples[i+1];
   feat[i]=((cosine * x + sine * y) + p->sx);
   feat[i+1]=((-sine * x + cosine * y) + p->sy);
  }
  //Initialize the feature descriptor.
        float *feat_desc = (float *) malloc( 128 * sizeof(float));
        for (i=0;i<128;i++)
  {
   feat_desc[i]=0.0;
   // printf("%f  ",feat_desc[i]);  
  }
        //printf("\n");
  for ( i=0;i<512;++i,++i)
  {
            float x_sample = feat[i];
            float y_sample = feat[i+1];
            // Interpolate the gradient at the sample position
      /*
      0   1   0
      1   *   1
      0   1   0   具体插值策略如图示
   */
   float sample12=getPixelBI(((GaussianPyr[p->octave].Octave)[p->level]).Level, x_sample, y_sample-1);
   float sample21=getPixelBI(((GaussianPyr[p->octave].Octave)[p->level]).Level, x_sample-1, y_sample); 
   float sample22=getPixelBI(((GaussianPyr[p->octave].Octave)[p->level]).Level, x_sample, y_sample); 
   float sample23=getPixelBI(((GaussianPyr[p->octave].Octave)[p->level]).Level, x_sample+1, y_sample); 
   float sample32=getPixelBI(((GaussianPyr[p->octave].Octave)[p->level]).Level, x_sample, y_sample+1); 
   //float diff_x = 0.5*(sample23 - sample21);
            //float diff_y = 0.5*(sample32 - sample12);
   float diff_x = sample23 - sample21;
            float diff_y = sample32 - sample12;
            float mag_sample = sqrt( diff_x*diff_x + diff_y*diff_y );
            float grad_sample = atan( diff_y / diff_x );
            if(grad_sample == CV_PI)
    grad_sample = -CV_PI;
            // Compute the weighting for the x and y dimensions.
            float *x_wght=(float *) malloc( GridSpacing * GridSpacing * sizeof(float));
            float *y_wght=(float *) malloc( GridSpacing * GridSpacing * sizeof(float));
   float *pos_wght=(float *) malloc( 8*GridSpacing * GridSpacing * sizeof(float));;
   for (int m=0;m<32;++m,++m)
   {
                float x=featcenter[m];
    float y=featcenter[m+1];
    x_wght[m/2] = max(1 - (fabs(x - x_sample)*1.0/GridSpacing), 0);
                y_wght[m/2] = max(1 - (fabs(y - y_sample)*1.0/GridSpacing), 0); 
    
   }
   for ( m=0;m<16;++m)
                for (int n=0;n<8;++n)
     pos_wght[m*8+n]=x_wght[m]*y_wght[m];
    free(x_wght);
    free(y_wght);
    //计算方向的加权，首先旋转梯度场到主方向，然后计算差异 
    float diff[8],orient_wght[128];
    for ( m=0;m<8;++m)
    { 
     float angle = grad_sample-(p->ori)-orient_angles[m]+CV_PI;
     float temp = angle / (2.0 * CV_PI);
     angle -= (int)(temp) * (2.0 * CV_PI);
     diff[m]= angle - CV_PI;
    }
    // Compute the gaussian weighting.
    float x=p->sx;
    float y=p->sy;
    float g = exp(-((x_sample-x)*(x_sample-x)+(y_sample-y)*(y_sample-y))/(2*feat_window*feat_window))/(2*CV_PI*feat_window*feat_window);
    
    for ( m=0;m<128;++m)
    {
     orient_wght[m] = max((1.0 - 1.0*fabs(diff[m%8])/orient_bin_spacing),0);
     feat_desc[m] = feat_desc[m] + orient_wght[m]*pos_wght[m]*g*mag_sample;
    }
    free(pos_wght);   
  }
  free(feat);
  free(featcenter);
  float norm=GetVecNorm( feat_desc, 128);
  for (int m=0;m<128;m++)
  {
   feat_desc[m]/=norm;
   if (feat_desc[m]>0.2)
    feat_desc[m]=0.2;
  }
        norm=GetVecNorm( feat_desc, 128);
        for ( m=0;m<128;m++)
  {
   feat_desc[m]/=norm;
   printf("%f  ",feat_desc[m]);  
  }
  printf("\n");
  p->descrip = feat_desc;
  p=p->next;
 }
 free(feat_grid);
    free(feat_samples);
}

//为了显示图象金字塔，而作的图像水平拼接
CvMat* MosaicHorizen( CvMat* im1, CvMat* im2 )
{
 int row,col;
 CvMat *mosaic = cvCreateMat( max(im1->rows,im2->rows),(im1->cols+im2->cols),CV_32FC1);
#define Mosaic(ROW,COL) ((float*)(mosaic->data.fl + mosaic->step/sizeof(float)*(ROW)))[(COL)]
#define Im11Mat(ROW,COL) ((float *)(im1->data.fl + im1->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
#define Im22Mat(ROW,COL) ((float *)(im2->data.fl + im2->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 cvZero(mosaic);
 /* Copy images into mosaic1. */
 for ( row = 0; row < im1->rows; row++)
  for ( col = 0; col < im1->cols; col++)
   Mosaic(row,col)=Im11Mat(row,col) ;
  for (  row = 0; row < im2->rows; row++)
   for (  col = 0; col < im2->cols; col++)
    Mosaic(row, (col+im1->cols) )= Im22Mat(row,col) ;
   return mosaic;
}

//为了显示图象金字塔，而作的图像垂直拼接
CvMat* MosaicVertical( CvMat* im1, CvMat* im2 )
{
 int row,col;
 CvMat *mosaic = cvCreateMat(im1->rows+im2->rows,max(im1->cols,im2->cols), CV_32FC1);
#define Mosaic(ROW,COL) ((float*)(mosaic->data.fl + mosaic->step/sizeof(float)*(ROW)))[(COL)]
#define Im11Mat(ROW,COL) ((float *)(im1->data.fl + im1->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
#define Im22Mat(ROW,COL) ((float *)(im2->data.fl + im2->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 cvZero(mosaic);
 
 /* Copy images into mosaic1. */
 for ( row = 0; row < im1->rows; row++)
  for ( col = 0; col < im1->cols; col++)
   Mosaic(row,col)= Im11Mat(row,col) ;
  for ( row = 0; row < im2->rows; row++)
   for ( col = 0; col < im2->cols; col++)
    Mosaic((row+im1->rows),col)=Im22Mat(row,col) ;
   
   return mosaic;
}

 

ok，为了版述清晰，再贴一下上文所述的主函数：

int main( void )
{
 //声明当前帧IplImage指针
 IplImage* src = NULL; 
 IplImage* image1 = NULL; 
 IplImage* grey_im1 = NULL; 
 IplImage* DoubleSizeImage = NULL;
 
 IplImage* mosaic1 = NULL; 
 IplImage* mosaic2 = NULL; 
 
 CvMat* mosaicHorizen1 = NULL;
 CvMat* mosaicHorizen2 = NULL;
 CvMat* mosaicVertical1 = NULL;
 
 CvMat* image1Mat = NULL;
 CvMat* tempMat=NULL;
 
 ImageOctaves *Gaussianpyr;
 int rows,cols;

#define Im1Mat(ROW,COL) ((float *)(image1Mat->data.fl + image1Mat->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 
 //灰度图象像素的数据结构
#define Im1B(ROW,COL) ((uchar*)(image1->imageData + image1->widthStep*(ROW)))[(COL)*3]
#define Im1G(ROW,COL) ((uchar*)(image1->imageData + image1->widthStep*(ROW)))[(COL)*3+1]
#define Im1R(ROW,COL) ((uchar*)(image1->imageData + image1->widthStep*(ROW)))[(COL)*3+2]
 
 storage = cvCreateMemStorage(0); 
 
 //读取图片
 if( (src = cvLoadImage( "street1.jpg", 1)) == 0 )  // test1.jpg einstein.pgm back1.bmp
  return -1;

 //为图像分配内存 
 image1 = cvCreateImage(cvSize(src->width, src->height),  IPL_DEPTH_8U,3);
 grey_im1 = cvCreateImage(cvSize(src->width, src->height),  IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
 DoubleSizeImage = cvCreateImage(cvSize(2*(src->width), 2*(src->height)),  IPL_DEPTH_8U,3);

 //为图像阵列分配内存，假设两幅图像的大小相同，tempMat跟随image1的大小
 image1Mat = cvCreateMat(src->height, src->width, CV_32FC1);
 //转化成单通道图像再处理
 cvCvtColor(src, grey_im1, CV_BGR2GRAY);
 //转换进入Mat数据结构,图像操作使用的是浮点型操作
 cvConvert(grey_im1, image1Mat);
 
 double t = (double)cvGetTickCount();
 //图像归一化
 cvConvertScale( image1Mat, image1Mat, 1.0/255, 0 );
 
 int dim = min(image1Mat->rows, image1Mat->cols);
 numoctaves = (int) (log((double) dim) / log(2.0)) - 2;    //金字塔阶数
 numoctaves = min(numoctaves, MAXOCTAVES);

 //SIFT算法第一步，预滤波除噪声，建立金字塔底层
 tempMat = ScaleInitImage(image1Mat) ;
 //SIFT算法第二步，建立Guassian金字塔和DOG金字塔
 Gaussianpyr = BuildGaussianOctaves(tempMat) ;
 
 t = (double)cvGetTickCount() - t;
 printf( "the time of build Gaussian pyramid and DOG pyramid is %.1f\n", t/(cvGetTickFrequency()*1000.) );
 
#define ImLevels(OCTAVE,LEVEL,ROW,COL) ((float *)(Gaussianpyr[(OCTAVE)].Octave[(LEVEL)].Level->data.fl + Gaussianpyr[(OCTAVE)].Octave[(LEVEL)].Level->step/sizeof(float) *(ROW)))[(COL)]
 //显示高斯金字塔
 for (int i=0; i<numoctaves;i++)
 {
  if (i==0)
  {
   mosaicHorizen1=MosaicHorizen( (Gaussianpyr[0].Octave)[0].Level, (Gaussianpyr[0].Octave)[1].Level );
   for (int j=2;j<SCALESPEROCTAVE+3;j++)
    mosaicHorizen1=MosaicHorizen( mosaicHorizen1, (Gaussianpyr[0].Octave)[j].Level );
   for ( j=0;j<NUMSIZE;j++)
    mosaicHorizen1=halfSizeImage(mosaicHorizen1);
  }
  else if (i==1)
  {
   mosaicHorizen2=MosaicHorizen( (Gaussianpyr[1].Octave)[0].Level, (Gaussianpyr[1].Octave)[1].Level );
   for (int j=2;j<SCALESPEROCTAVE+3;j++)
    mosaicHorizen2=MosaicHorizen( mosaicHorizen2, (Gaussianpyr[1].Octave)[j].Level );
   for ( j=0;j<NUMSIZE;j++)
    mosaicHorizen2=halfSizeImage(mosaicHorizen2);
   mosaicVertical1=MosaicVertical( mosaicHorizen1, mosaicHorizen2 );
  }
  else
  {
   mosaicHorizen1=MosaicHorizen( (Gaussianpyr[i].Octave)[0].Level, (Gaussianpyr[i].Octave)[1].Level );
   for (int j=2;j<SCALESPEROCTAVE+3;j++)
    mosaicHorizen1=MosaicHorizen( mosaicHorizen1, (Gaussianpyr[i].Octave)[j].Level );
   for ( j=0;j<NUMSIZE;j++)
    mosaicHorizen1=halfSizeImage(mosaicHorizen1);
   mosaicVertical1=MosaicVertical( mosaicVertical1, mosaicHorizen1 );
  }
 }
 mosaic1 = cvCreateImage(cvSize(mosaicVertical1->width, mosaicVertical1->height),  IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
 cvConvertScale( mosaicVertical1, mosaicVertical1, 255.0, 0 );
 cvConvertScaleAbs( mosaicVertical1, mosaic1, 1, 0 );
 
 //  cvSaveImage("GaussianPyramid of me.jpg",mosaic1);
 cvNamedWindow("mosaic1",1);
 cvShowImage("mosaic1", mosaic1);
 cvWaitKey(0);
 cvDestroyWindow("mosaic1");
 //显示DOG金字塔
 for ( i=0; i<numoctaves;i++)
 {
  if (i==0)
  {
   mosaicHorizen1=MosaicHorizen( (DOGoctaves[0].Octave)[0].Level, (DOGoctaves[0].Octave)[1].Level );
   for (int j=2;j<SCALESPEROCTAVE+2;j++)
    mosaicHorizen1=MosaicHorizen( mosaicHorizen1, (DOGoctaves[0].Octave)[j].Level );
   for ( j=0;j<NUMSIZE;j++)
    mosaicHorizen1=halfSizeImage(mosaicHorizen1);
  }
  else if (i==1)
  {
   mosaicHorizen2=MosaicHorizen( (DOGoctaves[1].Octave)[0].Level, (DOGoctaves[1].Octave)[1].Level );
   for (int j=2;j<SCALESPEROCTAVE+2;j++)
    mosaicHorizen2=MosaicHorizen( mosaicHorizen2, (DOGoctaves[1].Octave)[j].Level );
   for ( j=0;j<NUMSIZE;j++)
    mosaicHorizen2=halfSizeImage(mosaicHorizen2);
   mosaicVertical1=MosaicVertical( mosaicHorizen1, mosaicHorizen2 );
  }
  else
  {
   mosaicHorizen1=MosaicHorizen( (DOGoctaves[i].Octave)[0].Level, (DOGoctaves[i].Octave)[1].Level );
   for (int j=2;j<SCALESPEROCTAVE+2;j++)
    mosaicHorizen1=MosaicHorizen( mosaicHorizen1, (DOGoctaves[i].Octave)[j].Level );
   for ( j=0;j<NUMSIZE;j++)
    mosaicHorizen1=halfSizeImage(mosaicHorizen1);
   mosaicVertical1=MosaicVertical( mosaicVertical1, mosaicHorizen1 );
  }
 }
 //考虑到DOG金字塔各层图像都会有正负，所以，必须寻找最负的，以将所有图像抬高一个台阶去显示
 double min_val=0;
 double max_val=0;
 cvMinMaxLoc( mosaicVertical1, &min_val, &max_val,NULL, NULL, NULL );
 if ( min_val<0.0 )
  cvAddS( mosaicVertical1, cvScalarAll( (-1.0)*min_val ), mosaicVertical1, NULL );
 mosaic2 = cvCreateImage(cvSize(mosaicVertical1->width, mosaicVertical1->height),  IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
 cvConvertScale( mosaicVertical1, mosaicVertical1, 255.0/(max_val-min_val), 0 );
 cvConvertScaleAbs( mosaicVertical1, mosaic2, 1, 0 );
 
 //  cvSaveImage("DOGPyramid of me.jpg",mosaic2);
 cvNamedWindow("mosaic1",1);
 cvShowImage("mosaic1", mosaic2);
 cvWaitKey(0);
 
 //SIFT算法第三步：特征点位置检测，最后确定特征点的位置
 int keycount=DetectKeypoint(numoctaves, Gaussianpyr);
 printf("the keypoints number are %d ;\n", keycount);
 cvCopy(src,image1,NULL);
 DisplayKeypointLocation( image1 ,Gaussianpyr);
 
 cvPyrUp( image1, DoubleSizeImage, CV_GAUSSIAN_5x5 );
 cvNamedWindow("image1",1);
 cvShowImage("image1", DoubleSizeImage);
 cvWaitKey(0);  
 cvDestroyWindow("image1");
 
 //SIFT算法第四步：计算高斯图像的梯度方向和幅值，计算各个特征点的主方向
 ComputeGrad_DirecandMag(numoctaves, Gaussianpyr);
 AssignTheMainOrientation( numoctaves, Gaussianpyr,mag_pyr,grad_pyr);
 cvCopy(src,image1,NULL);
 DisplayOrientation ( image1, Gaussianpyr);
 
 //  cvPyrUp( image1, DoubleSizeImage, CV_GAUSSIAN_5x5 );
 cvNamedWindow("image1",1);
 //  cvResizeWindow("image1", 2*(image1->width), 2*(image1->height) );
 cvShowImage("image1", image1);
 cvWaitKey(0);
 
 //SIFT算法第五步：抽取各个特征点处的特征描述字
 ExtractFeatureDescriptors( numoctaves, Gaussianpyr);
 cvWaitKey(0);
 
 //销毁窗口
 cvDestroyWindow("image1");
 cvDestroyWindow("mosaic1");
 //释放图像
 cvReleaseImage(&image1);
 cvReleaseImage(&grey_im1);
 cvReleaseImage(&mosaic1);
 cvReleaseImage(&mosaic2);
 return 0;
}

 

最后，再看一下，运行效果（图中美女为老乡+朋友，何姐08年照）：完。

 

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评论

2 楼 v_JULY_v 2011-03-14  

v_JULY_v 写道

晕死，怎么照片全死了...各位，有需要的话，还是看本人的CSDN博客吧。

ok，重新贴了下照片，可以了。

1 楼 v_JULY_v 2011-03-14  

晕死，怎么照片全死了...各位，有需要的话，还是看本人的CSDN博客吧。